
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ (mean = 2.22, sd = 1.68)}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ (mean = 0.26, sd = 0.44)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity          & 0.228$^{***}$ & 0.229$^{***}$ & 0.046$^{*}$   & 0.045$^{*}$\\   
                              & (0.062)       & (0.062)       & (0.026)       & (0.027)\\   
   Immigration                &               & 0.007         &               & -0.004\\   
                              &               & (0.015)       &               & (0.004)\\   
   Population                 & -0.019        & -0.021        & -0.016        & -0.015\\   
                              & (0.061)       & (0.058)       & (0.012)       & (0.013)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.080$^{***}$ & 0.080$^{***}$ & 0.019$^{**}$  & 0.019$^{**}$\\   
                               & (0.024)       & (0.024)       & (0.008)       & (0.008)\\   
   Immigration                 &               & 0.002         &               & -0.006$^{**}$\\   
                               &               & (0.015)       &               & (0.003)\\   
   Predicted population        & -0.008        & -0.007        & -0.013$^{*}$  & -0.016$^{**}$\\   
                               & (0.040)       & (0.043)       & (0.008)       & (0.007)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.456$^{**}$  & 0.451$^{**}$  & 0.110$^{*}$    & 0.112$^{*}$\\   
                                         & (0.187)       & (0.182)       & (0.064)        & (0.064)\\   
   Immigration                           &               & 0.009         &                & -0.004\\   
                                         &               & (0.016)       &                & (0.004)\\   
   Population                            & -0.060        & -0.056        & -0.028$^{***}$ & -0.029$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.043)       & (0.047)       & (0.009)        & (0.008)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 17; 504       & 16; 622       & 17; 504        & 16; 622\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
& \multicolumn{2}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.179$^{***}$     & 0.180$^{***}$     & 0.026         & 0.021         \\
                               & (0.048)           & (0.047)           & (0.052)       & (0.044)       \\
   Immigration                 &                   & -0.008            &               & 0.066$^{***}$ \\
                               &                   & (0.011)           &               & (0.022)       \\
   Predicted population        & 0.098$^{***}$     & 0.095$^{***}$     & 0.869$^{***}$ & 0.891$^{***}$ \\
                               & (0.020)           & (0.020)           & (0.096)       & (0.092)       \\
    \\
   Inventor fixed effects     & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period-State fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 198,805       & 198,805       & 198,805       & 198,805\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


